Dejstvo surutke i tikvinog ulja (Cucurbita pepo L.) na oštećenja jetre pacova indukovanih alkoholom

Abstract

Alkohol se od davnina koristi radi opuštanja, ali nažalost, zloupotreba alkoholnih pića je godinama stalno u porastu, što značajno utiče na psihosocijalne i bihejvioralne aspekte života, kao i na ukupno fizičko zdravlje čoveka, oštećujući značajno različite sistema organa, a naročito jetru.

Dugotrajno uzimanje alkohola neminovno dovodi do Alkoholne bolesti jetre, ali najvažniju ulogu u nastanku bolesti ima zapravo njegov dnevni unos i vremenski period konzumiranja. Genetska predispozicija, imunološka hiperreaktivnost, primarni i sekundarni deficit hranljivih materija, stimulacija razvoja fibroznog tkiva kao i uticaj alkohola na regenerativne procese, takođe utiču na razvoj ove bolesti.

Lečenje alkoholne bolesti jetre najbolje se, naročito u početnim fazama, sprovodi upravo apstinencijom, zbog velike regenerativne sposobnosti jetrinog tkiva. Trajna apstinencija dovodi po potpunog izlečenja reverzibilnih formi alkoholne bolesti jetre, međutim hronično konzumiranje alkohola dovodi do razvoja bolesti zavisnosti i tada apstinencija predstavlja veoma zahtevan terapijski postupak. Često se u terapiji alkoholne bolesti jetre koriste hepatoprotektivne supstance kako bi se sprečilo napredovanje bolesti ili pak restituisale funkcije jetre i vratilo njeno stanje u pređašno.

Na tržištu lekova veoma je mali broj definisanih hepatoprotektiva, poput silymarina, dok brojne hepatoprotektivne supstance koje se tradicionalno vekovima koriste u ishrani mnogih naroda, često nemaju jasno ispitano terapijsko dejstvo, niti definisanu dozu i način primene. Kako je sve manje novih lekova, a biološka terapija i similari postaju sastavni deo savremenog lečenja, potraga za potencijalno novim molekulima iz prirodnih supstrata prilično je zastupljena, jer se njihovi uticaji mogu pratiti na molekularnom nivou. Tikvino ulje i surutka zastupljeni su i u ishrani i suplementaciji, a naročito proteini surutke koji su postali najpopularniji i često predozirani dodatak ishrani osoba koje u teretanama vežbaju zarad preoblikovanja tela.

Ideja ovog istraživanja bila je da se utvrdi protektivni uticaj surutke i tikvinog ulja na alkoholom indukovano oštećenje jetre i eventualno definišu potencijalni mehanizmi njihovog delovanja.

Alkohol i alkoholizamAlkohol je najomiljenija i skoro sigurno najstarija i najmasovnije upotrebljavana droga biljnog porekla (pored duvana). Reč alkohol je arapskog porekla i znači:”veoma fin”. Prvi kontakt ljudi sa alkoholom je verovatno bio slučajan. U praistorijsko doba, prema jednoj od brojnih hipoteza, čovek je probao gnjilo voće i osetio prijatne efekte opuštanja i popravljanja raspoloženja. Potom je počeo da ostavlja namerno zrelo voće u posude da gnjili (fermentiše), da bi posle određenog vremena dobio željeni napitak, čime je i započela proizvodnja akoholnih pića. Danas se pod terminom alkohol podrazumevaju brojni napici u kojima je dominanatna supstanca etanol.

Iako u organizmu normalno nema alkohola, neznatna koncentracija alkohola se može dokazati u krvi (alkoholemija) posle upotrebe hrane bogate ugljenim hidratima, tzv. metabolički ili prirodni alkohol (0,10‰ – 0,30‰). Dejstvo alkohola je opojno čak i kada se uzme u malim količinama jer remeti psihičke funkcije (koncentraciju, pažnju i rasuđivanje), pa time menja i ponašanje osobe koja ga pije.

U svetu je, danas, opšte prihvaćeno medicinsko shvatanje alkoholizma. Više od jednog veka teorijski i praktični radovi, u svetu i kod nas, su tvrđenje T. Trotera-a "Alkoholizam je bolest", ali danas ipak nema opšte prihvaćene definicije alkoholizma. Nedostatak jasne definicije, tačnog objašnjenja i sadržaja pojma, otežava praktični rad lekara, dijagnostiku alkoholizma, naročito u početnim fazama alkoholne bolesti (Nikolić, 2007).

Abstract (AI English translation)

Information popover about translation disclaimer

Alcohol has been used for relaxation since ancient times, but unfortunately, misused of alcoholic beverages has been steadily increasing for years, which significantly affects psychosocial and behavioral aspects of life, as well as the overall physical health of a person, damaging significantly different organ systems, especially the liver.

Long-term consumption of alcohol inevitably leads to alcoholic liver disease, but the most important role in the onset of the disease is actually its daily and temporal intake period of consumption. Genetic predisposition, immune hyperreactivity, primary and secondary deficit of nutrients, stimulation of the development of fibrous tissue as well as influence alcohol on regenerative processes, also affect the development of this disease.

Treatment of alcoholic liver disease is best carried out, especially in the initial stages precisely by abstinence, due to the great regenerative capacity of the liver tissue. Permanent abstinence leads to complete healing of reversible forms of alcoholic liver disease, however, chronic alcohol consumption leads to the development of addiction even then abstinence is a very demanding therapeutic procedure. Often in therapy alcoholic liver diseases use hepatoprotective substances to prevent the progression of the disease or the restoration of the liver's functions and return to its previous state.

There are very few defined hepato-protectors on the drug market, such as silymarin, while numerous hepatoprotective substances that have been traditionally used for centuries used in the diet of many peoples, they often do not have a clearly tested therapeutic effect, nor defined dose and method of administration. Since there are fewer and fewer new drugs, and biological therapy and similar become an integral part of modern treatment, the search for potentially new ones molecules from natural substrates is quite represented, because their effects can be monitored at the molecular level. Pumpkin oil and whey are also present in the diet supplementation, especially whey proteins, which have become the most popular and frequent overdosed dietary supplement of people who exercise in gyms for the sake of reshaping bodies.

The idea of ​​this research was to determine the protective effect of whey and pumpkin oils on alcohol-induced liver damage and possibly define potential mechanisms of their action.

Alcohol and alcoholism Alcohol is the most popular and almost certainly the oldest and most widely used drug of plant origin (next to tobacco). The word alcohol is of Arabic origin and means: "very fine". People's first contact with alcohol was probably accidental. In prehistoric times, according to one of the numerous hypotheses, man tasted rotten fruit and felt the pleasant effects of relaxation and improvement of mood. Then he started deliberately leaving ripe fruit in containers to rot (ferment), in order to get the desired drink after a certain time, which is how the production of alcoholic beverages began. Today, the term alcohol refers to numerous drinks in which the dominant substance is ethanol.

Although there is normally no alcohol in the body, a slight concentration of alcohol can be demonstrated in the blood (alcoholemia) after consuming food rich in carbohydrates, the so-called metabolic or natural alcohol (0.10‰ – 0.30‰). The effect of alcohol is intoxicating even when taken in small quantities because it disrupts psychological functions (concentration, attention and reasoning), thus changing the behavior of the person who drinks it.

In the world today, the medical understanding of alcoholism is generally accepted. For more than a century, theoretical and practical works, in the world and in our country, are T. Trotter's statement "Alcoholism is a disease", but today there is still no generally accepted definition of alcoholism. The lack of a clear definition, accurate explanation and content of the term makes the practical work of doctors, the diagnosis of alcoholism difficult, especially in the initial stages of alcoholism (Nikolić, 2007).