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No Child Left Behind requires schools to report test results for subgroups, not just for the whole school. This prevents the scores the school as a whole from obscuring the failure of minorities to make progress. There is some irony in this: Nationally, on the SAT and the NAEP, minority groups have gained most, but reporting national data obscures their progress.
The phenomenon where the whole group shows one trend and subgroups show the reverse trend happens so often in social sciences it has a name: Simpsons Paradox. Here's a hypothetical example to show how it works:
Assume the 500s at Time 1 are SAT scores for White students, and the 400 represents SAT scores for minority groups. The average is 490. Time 2 are the scores of different students at some future time. Assume the 510s are SAT scores for White students, and the 430s...
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